液體增(zeng)塑劑電阻測量(liang)儀(yi)

概(gai)述

BEST- 121型高絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻測(ce)(ce)量儀用于測(ce)(ce)量絕(jue)(jue)緣材料、電工產(chan)品、各種元器件的絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻；與恒溫水浴配套后(hou)，還(huan)能測(ce)(ce)量不同溫度下的塑料電線電纜(lan)（無屏蔽層）的絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻，該儀器具有測(ce)(ce)量精度高、性能穩定、操(cao)作(zuo)簡單、輸入(ru)端高壓(ya)短路(lu)等優點(dian)，儀器的量程 1018Ω電阻值(zhi)（測(ce)(ce)試電壓(ya)為(wei) 1000V）。 本儀表貫徹 Q/TPGG 7-2008 高絕(jue)(jue)緣電阻測(ce)(ce)量儀企業標準。

主(zhu)要標(biao)準：

GB/T 1410-2006 固體絕緣材料 體積電阻率和表面(mian)電阻率試驗方法

GB1672-8液(ye)體(ti)增塑劑體(ti)積電阻率的測定

GB 12014 防靜電工作服

GB/T 20991-2007 個(ge)體防護裝備 鞋的(de)測試方(fang)法

GB 4385-1995 防靜電鞋(xie)、導電鞋(xie)技術要(yao)求

GB 12158-2006 防(fang)止靜電事故通(tong)用(yong)導則(ze)

GB 4655-2003 橡膠工業靜電(dian)安(an)全規程

GB/T  1692-2008 硫(liu)化橡膠絕緣電阻(zu)的測定(ding)

GB/T 12703.6-2010 紡織品 靜電性(xing)能的(de)評定 第(di)6部(bu)分 纖維(wei)泄漏電阻

GB 13348-2009 液體石油(you)產品(pin)靜電安全規程

GB/T 15738-2008 導電(dian)和抗靜電(dian)纖維(wei)增強塑料電(dian)阻率試(shi)驗方法

GB/T 18044-2008 地毯 靜電習(xi)性評價法 行走試驗

GB/T 18864-2002 硫(liu)化橡膠 工業用抗靜電(dian)和導電(dian)產(chan)品(pin) 電(dian)阻極限范圍

GB/T 22042-2008 服裝 防靜電性能(neng) 表(biao)面電阻率試(shi)驗方法

GB/T 22043-2008 服裝 防(fang)靜電性能 通過(guo)材料的(de)電阻(zu)(垂直電阻(zu))試驗方法

GB/T 24249-2009 防靜電潔凈織物(wu)

GB 26539-2011 防靜電陶瓷磚(zhuan) Antistatic ceramic tile

GB/T 26825-2011 抗(kang)靜(jing)電防腐膠(jiao)

GB 50515-2010 導(防)靜電地面設計(ji)規(gui)范

GB 50611-2010 電子(zi)工程防(fang)靜電設計規(gui)范

GJB 105-1998-Z 電子產(chan)品防靜電放電控制(zhi)手冊

GJB 3007A-2009 防靜(jing)電工作區技術要求(qiu)

GJB 5104-2004 無線電引信(xin)風帽(mao)用防靜電涂料及風帽(mao)靜電性能通用要求

液(ye)體增塑(su)劑(ji)電(dian)阻測(ce)量儀

電阻率測試儀器如下◆★◆★◆★◆

1、 固(gu)體(ti)絕緣材(cai)料體(ti)積(ji)表面電阻率測(ce)定儀(yi)

2、 硫化橡(xiang)膠絕緣(yuan)電阻率測定儀

3、 硫化橡膠導電性(xing)和耗散性(xing)能(neng)電阻率測定儀

4、 石油罐(guan)導靜電(dian)涂(tu)料電(dian)阻率(lv)測定儀(yi)

5、 涂層體(ti)積表面電阻率測定(ding)儀

6、 絕緣材料高溫電(dian)阻(zu)率測定儀(yi)

7、 紡(fang)織品電阻率測定儀

8、 液體絕緣材料電阻率測量(liang)儀

9、 絕緣漆體(ti)積表面電(dian)阻系數測定儀(yi)

10、 石油蠟和石油脂體積電阻率測定儀

11、 電絕緣粘合劑電阻率測定儀

12、 液體增塑劑體積電阻(zu)率(lv)測定(ding)儀

2 規格及技(ji)術特(te)性(xing)及使用條件

2.1 規格和(he)主要技術參數

測試電壓 （V）  10  50   100  250  500  1000

主(zhu)要特點(dian)

 u    電(dian)阻測量范圍 1×104Ω ～1×1018 Ω；

u    電流測量范圍 2×10-4Ａ ～1×10-16Ａ；

u    體積小、重量輕(qing)、準(zhun)確度(du)高；

u ;  *的(de)被測電(dian)阻、和流(liu)過電(dian)阻的(de)電(dian)流(liu)雙顯(xian)示(shi)，使操作測量更(geng)加方(fang)便；

u   性(xing)能穩定、讀數方便；

u   既能測(ce)電阻又能測(ce)電流；

u   測(ce)試電壓有六種選擇DC10V、50V、100V、250V、500V、1000V；

u   使(shi)用操(cao)作簡便(bian)，在任何電阻(zu)量(liang)程(cheng)和測試電壓下均直接讀顯示(shi)數字結果，免去要乘以一個系數的麻煩，使(shi)測量(liang)超高(gao)電阻(zu)就如用萬用表(biao)測量(liang)普通電阻(zu)樣簡便(bian)。

 .2 使用條件

環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度： 0～40℃

相(xiang)對溫度：≤70%

供電電流：交流 220V±10%50Hz

儀(yi)器可連(lian)續工作(zuo) 8 小時

消耗功率：約 10W

外(wai)形尺(chi)寸：長寬深 355mm×320mm×145mm

重量：約 6kg(主(zhu)機)

①直流高(gao)壓電(dian)流輸出 10，50，100，500，1000V 五檔

②根據試樣(yang)的電阻(zu)值(zhi)及直流高壓(ya)值(zhi)選擇合適的量程(cheng)倍率。

③高輸入阻抗(kang)直流放大器（輸入阻抗(kang)>1015Ω）

④指示儀表，指示被(bei)測絕緣電阻(zu)。

⑤電源供給儀器各部分工(gong)作(zuo)電源。

3.2 儀表(biao)作高(gao)阻測試時(shi)其主(zhu)要原(yuan)理如(ru)圖 2 所示，測試時(shi)被測試樣電阻 Rx 與(yu)高(gao)阻抗直流放大(da)

    器的輸入(ru)電阻(倍率電阻)“Ro”串聯并(bing)跨接于直流電源上,高阻抗直流放大(da)器將其(qi)輸入(ru)

    電(dian)阻(zu)“Ro”上的分壓電(dian)壓 Uo 經放大后(hou)送(song)指示(shi)器指示(shi)被(bei)測絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)值。

工作原理 

        根據(ju)歐姆定律，被測電阻R等(deng)于施(shi)加電壓V除以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)的電流(liu)I。即   

   V

R= ---

   I

        傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作原理是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)測(ce)量電(dian)(dian)壓V固定(ding)，通(tong)過測(ce)量流(liu)過被測(ce)物體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)I以(yi)(yi)(yi)標定(ding)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刻度來讀出(chu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值。從上式(shi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)看出(chu)，由于電(dian)(dian)流(liu)I是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)成反比(bi)(bi)，而(er)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成正比(bi)(bi)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯示值是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非線性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，即電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)無窮大時，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為零，即表頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零位處(chu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)∞，其附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刻度非常(chang)密(mi)，分辨率很低。整個刻度是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非線性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。又(you)由于測(ce)量不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)時，其電(dian)(dian)壓V也(ye)會(hui)有些變化，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高阻(zu)(zu)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)度是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很難提高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

       BEST-121體(ti)積(ji)、表面電阻(zu)率測(ce)(ce)定儀是(shi)(shi)同(tong)時(shi)測(ce)(ce)出電阻(zu)兩端的(de)(de)(de)電壓(ya)(ya)V和流過電阻(zu)的(de)(de)(de)電流I，通過內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)規模集成電路完成電壓(ya)(ya)除以(yi)電流的(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)，然后(hou)把(ba)所得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)結果經過A/D轉換后(hou)以(yi)數(shu)字顯示出電阻(zu)值(zhi)，即便是(shi)(shi)電阻(zu)兩端的(de)(de)(de)電壓(ya)(ya)V和流過電阻(zu)的(de)(de)(de)電流I是(shi)(shi)同(tong)時(shi)變(bian)化(hua)，其(qi)(qi)顯示的(de)(de)(de)電阻(zu)值(zhi)不象(xiang)普通高阻(zu)計那樣因(yin)被測(ce)(ce)電壓(ya)(ya)V的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)或電流Ｉ的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)而變(bian)，所以(yi), 即使測(ce)(ce)量電壓(ya)(ya)、被測(ce)(ce)量電阻(zu)、電源電壓(ya)(ya)等發生(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)對其(qi)(qi)結果影(ying)響不大(da)，其(qi)(qi)測(ce)(ce)量精度很高。從理論(lun)上講其(qi)(qi)誤差(cha)可(ke)以(yi)做到(dao)零。而實(shi)際誤差(cha)可(ke)以(yi)做到(dao)千分(fen)之幾或萬分(fen)之幾。

 安全注意事項

4.1 使用前(qian)務必詳閱此說(shuo)明書，并遵(zun)照指示步驟，依次操(cao)作。

4.2 請勿使用非原(yuan)廠提供之附件，以免(mian)發(fa)生危(wei)險。

4.3 進行測(ce)試(shi)時，本儀器(qi)測(ce)量端高壓輸(shu)出(chu)端上有直流高壓輸(shu)出(chu)，嚴禁人體接觸(chu) ，以(yi)免觸(chu)電。

4.4 為避免測試棒本(ben)身(shen)絕(jue)緣泄漏造成誤差，接儀器測量端(duan)輸入的測試棒應盡(jin)可 能懸空，不與外界物體(ti)相碰。

4.5 當被測(ce)物(wu)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值高(gao)，且測(ce)量(liang)(liang)出現指(zhi)針不穩現象時(shi)，可將(jiang)儀器測(ce)量(liang)(liang)線屏 蔽端(duan)(duan)夾(jia)子(zi)接(jie)上(shang)。 例如：對(dui)電(dian)(dian)纜測(ce)纜芯(xin)與(yu)纜殼的(de)絕(jue)緣時(shi)，除(chu)將(jiang)被測(ce)物(wu)兩(liang) 端(duan)(duan)分 別接(jie)于輸入(ru)端(duan)(duan)與(yu)高(gao)壓 端(duan)(duan)，再將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)纜殼 ，芯(xin)之間的(de)內(nei)層絕(jue)緣物(wu)接(jie)儀器 “G”，以(yi)消 除(chu)因 表面漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)而 引起的(de)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)誤差。也(ye)可用加屏蔽盒的(de)方法， 即將(jiang)被測(ce)物(wu)置于金屬屏蔽盒內(nei)，接(jie)上(shang)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)線。

  體積電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表面(mian)(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀    型號(hao)：BEST-121本(ben)儀器(qi)(qi)*符合并優(you)于國家標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)GB1410《固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)材料絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、體積電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)系數和(he)表面(mian)(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)》和(he)美(mei)國標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)ASTM D257《絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)材料的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)》等標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。本(ben)儀器(qi)(qi)是既可測(ce)量高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，又可測(ce)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。采用了美(mei)國Intel公(gong)司的(de)(de)大規模集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路以及(ji)技(ji)術(shu),使儀器(qi)(qi)體積小(xiao)、重量輕、準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確(que)(que)度(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)。以雙3.1/2 位(wei)數字(zi)直(zhi)接顯(xian)(xian)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)阻(zu)計(ji)(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。量限(xian)從(cong)1×104Ω ～1×1018 Ω，是目前國內(nei)測(ce)量范圍寬(kuan)，準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確(que)(que)度(du)的(de)(de)數字(zi)超高(gao)(gao)(gao)阻(zu)測(ce)量儀。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)測(ce)量范圍為2×10-4 ～1×10-16Ａ。機(ji)內(nei)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為10/50/100/250/500/1000V任(ren)意可調。本(ben)儀器(qi)(qi)具有(you)精度(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)、顯(xian)(xian)示迅(xun)(xun)速、性(xing)(xing)好(hao)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)、讀數方(fang)便， 適用于防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產品(pin)(pin)如防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋(xie)、防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)塑(su)料橡膠(jiao)(jiao)制品(pin)(pin)、計(ji)(ji)算機(ji)房(fang)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)活動地板等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)的(de)(de)檢驗(yan)以及(ji)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)材料和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)產品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)測(ce)量。本(ben)儀器(qi)(qi)除能(neng)(neng)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)外(wai)，還能(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接測(ce)量微弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。 儀器(qi)(qi)特征：本(ben)儀器(qi)(qi)測(ce)量采用三電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極法(fa)(fa)對(dui)(dui)(dui)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)進行測(ce)試(shi)(shi)，其試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)裝置(zhi)主要有(you)平板式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極裝置(zhi)和(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)阻(zu)計(ji)(ji)兩部分(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)。基(ji)本(ben)原理是對(dui)(dui)(dui)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)加入不同(tong)擋位(wei)的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)微弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)用標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)取(qu)樣(yang)放大后，從(cong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)阻(zu)計(ji)(ji)上讀出。數字(zi)直(zhi)接顯(xian)(xian)示出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi),精度(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)、顯(xian)(xian)示迅(xun)(xun)速、穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)好(hao)、讀數方(fang)便。技(ji)術(shu)指(zhi)標(biao)：1.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)測(ce)量范圍： 0.01×104Ω ～1×1018Ω。2.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)測(ce)量范圍為: 2×10-4A～1×10-16A3. 雙表頭(tou)顯(xian)(xian)示: 3.1/2位(wei)LED顯(xian)(xian)示4. 內(nei)置(zhi)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)： 10V、50V、100V、250、500、1000V5. 基(ji)本(ben)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確(que)(que)度(du)：1% （*注）6 使用環境: 溫(wen)度(du)：0℃～40℃，相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)濕度(du)<80%7 機(ji)內(nei)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya): 10/50/100/250/500/1000V 任(ren)意切換(huan)8.供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形式(shi): AC 220V，50HZ，功(gong)耗約5W適用的(de)(de)主要標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)：GB/T 1410-2006 固體絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)材料 體積電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)表面(mian)(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)  GB 12014 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)服(fu) GB/T 20991-2007 個體防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)護裝備 鞋(xie)的(de)(de)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)  GB 4385-1995 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋(xie)、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鞋(xie)技(ji)術(shu)要求(qiu)   GB 12158-2006 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故通用導(dao)則(ze)  GB 4655-2003 橡膠(jiao)(jiao)工業(ye)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全(quan)規程(cheng)  GB/T 12703.4-2010 紡織(zhi)品(pin)(pin) 靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)評定(ding)(ding) 第4部分(fen)(fen) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)  GB/T 12703.6-2010 紡織(zhi)品(pin)(pin) 靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)評定(ding)(ding) 第6部分(fen)(fen) 纖維泄漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)  GB 13348-2009 液體石(shi)油產品(pin)(pin)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全(quan)規程(cheng) GB/T 15738-2008 導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纖維增強(qiang)塑(su)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa) GB/T 18044-2008 地毯 靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)習(xi)性(xing)(xing)評價法(fa)(fa) 行走試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)  GB/T 18864-2002 硫化(hua)橡膠(jiao)(jiao) 工業(ye)用抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產品(pin)(pin) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)極限(xian)范圍  GB/T 22042-2008 服(fu)裝 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng) 表面(mian)(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)  GB/T 22043-2008 服(fu)裝 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng) 通過材料的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)（垂直(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)）試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)  GB/T 24249-2009 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)潔凈織(zhi)物(wu)  GB 26539-2011 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶瓷磚 Antistatic ceramic tiles  GB/T 26825-2011 抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)腐膠(jiao)(jiao) GB 50515-2010 導(dao)（防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)）靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)地面(mian)(mian)設計(ji)(ji)規范  GB 50611-2010 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子工程(cheng)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設計(ji)(ji)規范  GJB 105-1998-Z 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子產品(pin)(pin)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制手冊(ce)  GJB 3007A-2009 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)區技(ji)術(shu)要求(qiu)  GJB 5104-2004 無線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引(yin)信風帽用防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)涂料及(ji)風帽靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)通用要求(qiu)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)：（V） 10V 50V 100V 250V 500V 1000V 檔(dang)位(wei) 倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv) 量限(xian)Ω 誤(wu)差(cha) 量限(xian)Ω 誤(wu)差(cha) 量限(xian)Ω 誤(wu)差(cha) 量限(xian)Ω 誤(wu)差(cha) 量限(xian)Ω 誤(wu)差(cha) 量限(xian)Ω 誤(wu)差(cha) 1 102 1×106—2×107 ±10% 5×106—1×108 ±10% 1×107—2×108 ±10% 2.5×107—5×108 ±10% 5×107—1×109 ±10% 1×108—2×109 ±10% 2 103 1×107—2×108 ±10% 5×107—1×109 ±10% 1×108—2×109 ±10% 2.5×108—5×109 ±10% 5×108—1×1010 ±10% 1×109—2×1010 ±10% 3 104 1×108—2×109 ±10% 5×108—1×1010 ±10% 1×109—2×1010 ±10% 2.5×109—5×1010 ±10% 5×109—1×1011 ±10% 1×1010—2×1011 ±10% 4 105 1×109—2×1010 ±10% 5×109—1×1011 ±10% 1×1010—2×1011 ±10% 2.5×1010—5×1011 ±10% 5×1010—1×1012 ±10% 1×1011—2×1012 ±10% 5 106 1×1010—2×1011±10%5×1010—1×1012 ±10% 1×1011—2×1012 ±10% 2.5×1011—5×1012 ±10% 5×1011—1×1013 ±20% 1×1012—2×1013 ±20% 6 107 1×1011—2×1012 ±10% 5×1011—1×1013 ±20% 1×1012—2×1013 ±20% 2.5×1012—5×1013 ±20% 5×1012—1×1014 ±20% 1×1013—2×1014 ±20% 7 108 1×1012—2×1013 ±20% 5×1012—1×1014 ±20% 1×1013—2×1014 ±20% 2.5×1013—5×1014 ±20% 5×1013—1×1015 ±20% 1×1014—2×1015 ±20% 8 109 1×1013—2×1014 ±20% 5×1013—1×1015 ±20% 1×1014—2×1015 ±20% 2.5×1014—5×1015 ±20% 5×1014—1×1016 ±20%1×1015—2×1016 

 產品簡介

液體增塑劑體積電阻率的測定GB1672-88 
標準說明
1.主題內容與適用范圍
本標準規定了液體增塑劑的體積電阻率的測定方法。
本標準適用于測定液體增塑劑的體積電阻率。其他液體助劑也可參照本測定方法。
2.體積電阻率的定義
是在試樣體積電流方向的直流電場強度與該處電流密度之比，以Ω?m表示。
3.試樣
3.1 液體增塑劑試樣每次用40ml左右。
3.2 試樣應無氣泡及雜質缺陷。
3.3 試樣應在溫度23±2℃、相對濕度60-70%的條件下放置2h以上。
4.測試儀器及電極 
4.1 高阻計
高阻計測試時應滿足下列要求：
a.高阻計測量范圍應包括1*106-1*1017Ω。
b.阻值大于1012Ω時，測量誤差小于±20%；阻值等于或小于1012Ω時，測量誤差應小于±10%。
c.零點飄移每小時不大于全標尺的4%。
d.輸入接線的絕緣電阻應大于儀器輸入電阻的100倍。
e.測試電路應有良好的屏蔽。
f.儀器應定期進行校驗。
4.2 電極
電極應由黃銅或不銹鋼制成。高壓電極內徑146mm，測量電極外徑120mm，護環寬度8mm，測量電極與高壓電極的間隙為2mm，電極工作面粗糙度為1.6以下。電級的開關和尺寸如圖1所示。
5.測定步驟
5.1 將經過處理后的試樣倒入高壓電極內，使液面剛好和測量表面全部接觸。
5.2 測試須在溫度23±2℃及相對濕度60-70%環境中進行。
5.3 試驗時，對試樣所加的電壓為100-500V的直流電壓。
5.4 將電極接入儀器測量端，調整儀器，按儀器說明書進行操作。加上試驗電壓1min，讀取電阻的指示值，同時須對試樣連續測定兩次，取兩次結果算術平均值。每次測定后試樣及地極要放電1min。
6.計算
體積電阻率ρv（Ω?m）按式（1）（2）計算：
        S＝π/4(D＋g)2   (1)
　　　　　　ρv＝Rv(S/d)　　（2）
式中         Rv——體積電阻，Ω；   
             S——平板測量電極的有效面積，m2；
             D——平板測量電極直徑，m；
             g——測量電極與保護電極間隙寬度，m；
     &nbsp;       d——試樣厚度，m。

儀器(qi)裝箱單 

 絕緣材料表面/體(ti)積(ji)電阻率測試儀(yi)

北廣精儀公司電性(xing)能及橡膠(jiao)塑料主營產品：

BWN萬能(neng)(neng)材(cai)料試驗機（電子(zi)萬能(neng)(neng)，金(jin)屬材(cai)料，非金(jin)屬材(cai)料，管材(cai)，高低溫，液壓伺服萬能(neng)(neng)試驗機）

BDJC-10KV-200KV電(dian)壓(ya)擊穿(chuan)試(shi)驗儀（介，固體(ti)絕緣材(cai)料(liao)電(dian)氣介電(dian)強度試(shi)驗機）

BEST-121體積表(biao)面電阻率測定儀（可(ke)測試固(gu)體液體膏體粉(fen)末材(cai)料）

BEST-212電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)導(dao)體半導(dao)體材料電(dian)阻率(lv)測試儀

M-200橡膠塑料(liao)滑動摩擦試(shi)驗機（國標，非國標，可定制(zhi)）

GDAT-A介電常數(shu)介質損耗(hao)測試儀（可測試固體(ti)液體(ti)

GDAT-C高頻介電(dian)常數介質損耗(hao)測試儀

BDH-20KV絕(jue)緣材料耐電弧性(xing)能試驗儀/高電壓小電流測(ce)試儀

BWK-300A熱變形維卡軟化點(dian)溫度測定儀

BQYH-96塑(su)料球壓痕硬度(du)計

BRT-400Z熔(rong)體(ti)流動速率(lv)測定儀/熔(rong)融指(zhi)數儀

BMD-A計算機控制馬丁耐(nai)熱試驗儀

BRS-3水平垂直(zhi)燃燒試驗儀

BDG-1000單根電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜垂直(zhi)燃燒試驗(yan)儀

BLD-600V漏電起痕(hen)試(shi)驗儀

BLD-6000V高壓(ya)漏電起痕試驗儀

BZY-A針焰試驗儀

BR-A灼熱絲試驗儀

BDR-C導熱系(xi)數(shu)測(ce)定儀

BYX-2000海綿泡(pao)沫壓(ya)陷硬度測(ce)定儀

BLQ-500海綿泡沫落球回彈(dan)儀

BPL-2000海(hai)綿泡沫疲勞沖(chong)擊測(ce)定儀

BLS-1000海綿(mian)拉伸強度試(shi)驗機(ji)

BYS-200海(hai)綿壓縮變形(xing)試驗機

BQG-500海綿泡沫(mo)切割機

BMD-A海綿(mian)密度(du)測定儀(yi)

BYZS-C氧指數測定(ding)儀

BR-B海綿泡沫(mo)阻燃性能試驗箱(xiang)

BWD系(xi)類低溫脆性試(shi)驗(yan)機（單(dan)試(shi)樣、多試(shi)樣）

BJZL-A簡支梁沖(chong)擊試驗機（指針，數顯）

BXBL-A懸臂梁沖擊試驗機（指針，數顯(xian)）

BJX-A簡支梁懸臂梁組合沖擊試驗機（指針，數(shu)顯）

BLC-2000落球沖擊試(shi)驗機

BLB-30管材落鏢沖擊試驗機

BCM-03擺錘薄膜(mo)沖擊試驗機

BJS-300A金(jin)屬擺錘沖擊試驗機

BJS-300B全自(zi)動低溫沖擊(ji)試驗機

一、概況：(1)適用標準：GB/T 22042-2008《服裝 防靜電性能 表面電阻率試驗方法》；EN 1149-1-1995 《防護服 靜電性能 第1部分表面電阻檢驗方法和要求》；GB/T 1410-2006《固體絕緣材料體積電阻率和表面電阻率試驗方法》（與標準IEC93-1980等效）；FZ/T 64013-2008 《靜電植絨毛絨》；SJ/10694-2006《電子產品制造與應用系統防靜電檢測通用規范》6.1及ASTM D257《絕緣材料的直流電阻或電導試驗方法》要求制作。 GB/T 2439-2001《硫化橡膠或熱塑性橡膠 導電性能和耗散性能電阻率的測定》；GB/T 10581-2006 《絕緣材料在高溫下電阻和電阻率的試驗方法》 ；GB/T 1692-2008 《硫化橡膠絕緣電阻率的測定》；GB/T 12703.4-2010 《紡織品 靜電性能的評定 第４部分：電阻率》
GB/T 10064-2006《測定固體絕緣材料絕緣電阻的試驗方法》。
(2)適用范圍：適用于測量粉末、粉體、顆粒物、電子元器件、介質材料、電線電纜、防靜電產品、如防靜電鞋、防靜電塑料橡膠制品、計算機房防靜電活動地板等電阻值等絕緣性能的檢驗和電子電器產品的絕緣電阻測量。本儀器測量高電阻測微電流。
(3)特點：采用四探針測量法、儀器體積小、重量輕、高穩定性，高準確度的數字高阻測量儀器。本儀器配不同的測量電極(夾具)可以測量不同材料 (固體、粉體或液體)的體積電阻率和表面電阻率或電導率及方阻。
(4)材料的導電性是用電阻率ρ（單位：歐·米）或電導率σ（單位：歐^-1·米^-1）來表示的。兩者互為倒數，并且都與試樣的尺寸無關，而只決定于材料的性質。工程上習慣將材料根據導電性質粗略地分為超導體、導體、半導體和絕緣體四類。
二、表面電率阻率/體積電阻率測試儀技術指標     
1、電阻測量范圍：0.01×10⁴Ω ～1×10¹⁶Ω。
電 阻 率：1.0×10⁴ ～ 2.0×10¹⁶ Ω-m；方塊電阻：1.0×10⁴ ～ 2.0×10¹⁶ Ω/□
2、液晶顯示:  電阻率、方阻、壓強、溫度、電導率、電流電壓、可輸入測試樣品數據（圓柱：直徑，高度；方體：長*寬*高）單位可以切換（mm、cm、m）
3、內置測試電壓：0-1000V任意可設定
4、 基本準確度：1%
5、使用環境: 溫度：0℃～40℃，相對濕度<80%
6、機內測試電壓: 10/50/100/250/500/1000V 任意切換
7、供電形式: AC 220V，50HZ，功耗約5W
8、測量模式：手動/自動量程。帶PC測試軟件（選購），USB通訊接口，軟件界面同步顯示、分析、保存和打印數據！

 型超高(gao)阻微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)測(ce)試(shi)儀（高(gao)阻型體(ti)電(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)表面(mian)電(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)測(ce)試(shi)儀）是運(yun)用(yong)(yong)環形三(san)電(dian)(dian)極法原理(li)測(ce)量(liang)固體(ti)絕(jue)(jue)緣材料體(ti)積(ji)電(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)和(he)表面(mian)電(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)的多用(yong)(yong)途綜(zong)合測(ce)量(liang)裝置，也可作為超高(gao)阻計(ji)或微(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)測(ce)試(shi)儀使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。該儀器設計(ji)符合國(guo)家標準GB/T 1410－2006/IEC 60093:1980：《固體(ti)絕(jue)(jue)緣材料體(ti)積(ji)電(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)和(he)表面(mian)電(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)試(shi)驗方法》。

     儀器成套(tao)組成：由主機、標配的環形三電(dian)極、連接線纜等部(bu)分組成。

     主機主要由高壓(ya)電源(yuan)、微電流檢測(ce)計、嵌入式單片機系(xi)統組(zu)成。儀器所(suo)有參(can)數設定、功能轉(zhuan)換全(quan)部采(cai)用數字化鍵盤(pan)輸(shu)入；具有零位(wei)、滿度校(xiao)正功能；可手(shou)動(dong)/自動(dong)轉(zhuan)換量程；測(ce)試(shi)結果由數字表頭直接顯(xian)示。

       電極(ji)選配(pei)：儀器配(pei)備(bei)標準環形三(san)電極(ji)，客戶也可(ke)以根據需(xu)要參照國標，自備(bei)電極(ji)以擴(kuo)大應(ying)用場合。

     儀器具有測量精(jing)度(du)高、靈敏度(du)高、穩定(ding)性好、智能(neng)化程度(du)高、結構緊湊、使用簡便等特點。

     儀器適(shi)用于(yu)工礦企業，科研院所對于(yu)防靜電(dian)產品(pin)如(ru)防靜電(dian)鞋、防靜電(dian)塑(su)料橡膠(jiao)制品(pin)、計算(suan)機房防靜電(dian)活(huo)動地板等(deng)電(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)的檢(jian)驗以及(ji)絕緣(yuan)材料和(he)電(dian)子電(dian)器產品(pin)的絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)測量(liang)。也可用于(yu)微(wei)弱電(dian)流測量(liang)如(ru)光(guang)電(dian)效應和(he)器件暗電(dian)流測量(liang)。

三(san)、基本技術參(can)數(shu)

1. 常規測量(liang)(liang)范圍、分辨(bian)率（量(liang)(liang)程可向上或下擴展1～2個數量(liang)(liang)級）

&nbsp;  電(dian)    阻：     1.0×103 ～ 2.0×1012  Ω,      分辨率0.1×103 ～ 0.1×1012  Ω

   電 阻 率：     1.0×103 ～ 2.0×1012 Ω-m    分辨(bian)率0.1×103 ～ 0.1&times;1012  Ω-m

   方(fang)塊電阻：     1.0×104 ～ 2.0×1012 Ω/□   分辨率1.0×103 ～ 0.1×1012  Ω/□

2 工作電源(yuan)：220V±10％, f=50Hz±4％,PW&amp;le;20W

3 外形尺寸：W×H×L=280mm&times;90mm×275mm

   凈   重：&le;3.0kg

4 環形(xing)三電極

    它(ta)是由三個獨(du)立的電極組(zu)成:

4.1中心為圓柱體,直徑為50mm,高度是(shi)40mm。

4.2圓(yuan)柱體(ti)(ti)外為(wei)一(yi)圓(yuan)環(huan),圓(yuan)環(huan)內(nei)徑為(wei)60mm,外徑為(wei)80mm, 高是40mm。

4.3底為(wei)一平板(ban), 直(zhi)徑為(wei)100mm的圓板(ban)，厚度(du)一般(ban)為(wei)10mm

 附加介(jie)紹：

 電阻率(lv)

電阻率(lv)是(shi)用(yong)來表(biao)示各種物(wu)質電阻特性的(de)(de)物(wu)理量。某種材料制成(cheng)的(de)(de)長1米、橫截面(mian)積是(shi)1平方(fang)毫米的(de)(de)在常(chang)溫下（20℃時）導線的(de)(de)電阻，叫做(zuo)這(zhe)種材料的(de)(de)電阻率(lv)。電阻率(lv)的(de)(de)單位是(shi)歐姆(mu)·米(Ω·m或ohmm)，常(chang)用(yong)單位是(shi)歐姆(mu)·毫米和歐姆(mu)·米。

應用

 電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)較(jiao)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)被稱為(wei)導體(ti)(ti)(ti)，常(chang)見導體(ti)(ti)(ti)主要(yao)為(wei)金(jin)屬(shu)，而自然界(jie)中導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性的(de)(de)(de)是銀，其(qi)次為(wei)半導體(ti)(ti)(ti)，、硅(gui)鍺。當存在(zai)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)時，金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)自由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)在(zai)運(yun)動(dong)中不斷和晶格(ge)節點(dian)上做熱振子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)正離(li)子(zi)相碰撞，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)運(yun)動(dong)受到(dao)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙，因(yin)而就具有(you)了一定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)。其(qi)他不易導電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)如(ru)玻璃、橡膠(jiao)等，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)較(jiao)高，一般(ban)稱為(wei)絕緣體(ti)(ti)(ti)。介于導體(ti)(ti)(ti)和絕緣體(ti)(ti)(ti)之間的(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)(如(ru)硅(gui)) 則(ze)稱半導體(ti)(ti)(ti)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)符號為(wei) ρ(Rho)。 已知物體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，可由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv)ρ、長度 l 與截面面積(ji)A 計算：ρ=RA/I，在(zai)該式中， 電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)R 單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)歐(ou)姆(mu)，長度 l 單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)米，截面面積(ji) A 單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)平方米，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)率(lv) ρ單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)

歐(ou)姆(mu)·米

計算公式

電阻率的計算公(gong)式為：ρ=RS/L

ρ為電(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)——常用單位Ω·m

S為橫截面積——常(chang)用(yong)單位㎡

R為電阻值——常(chang)用單位Ω

L為(wei)導線(xian)的長度——常用單位m

-----------------------------------------

電阻率的另(ling)一計算公式為(wei)：ρ=E/J

ρ為(wei)電阻率(lv)——常(chang)用單位Ω&middot;mm2/m[1]

E為電場強(qiang)度——常用單位N/C

J為電流密(mi)度——常(chang)用單位(wei)A/㎡

（E，J 可以為矢(shi)量）

 說明

 1．電(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)ρ不僅和(he)導體(ti)的(de)材料有(you)關，還和(he)導體(ti)的(de)溫(wen)度有(you)關。在溫(wen)度變化(hua)不大(da)的(de)范圍(wei)內：幾乎所有(you)金屬的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)隨溫(wen)度作線(xian)性變化(hua)，即(ji)ρ=ρo(1+at)。式中t是攝氏溫(wen)度，ρo是O℃時的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)，a是電(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)溫(wen)度系(xi)數。

2．由(you)于(yu)電(dian)阻率隨溫度改變而改變，所以對于(yu)某些(xie)電(dian)器的(de)(de)電(dian)阻，必(bi)須說(shuo)明(ming)它們所處的(de)(de)物理狀(zhuang)態。如一個220 V -100 W電(dian)燈燈絲的(de)(de)電(dian)阻，通(tong)(tong)電(dian)時是484歐姆(mu)，未通(tong)(tong)電(dian)時只(zhi)有(you)40歐姆(mu)左(zuo)右。

3．電(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)(lv)和電(dian)阻(zu)是兩個不(bu)同的(de)概念(nian)。電(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)(lv)是反(fan)映物質對(dui)電(dian)流(liu)阻(zu)礙作用的(de)屬(shu)性，電(dian)阻(zu)是反(fan)映物體(ti)對(dui)電(dian)流(liu)阻(zu)礙作用的(de)屬(shu)性。

 總(zong)結(jie)：

 常(chang)(chang)態下(xia)（由(you)表可(ke)知）導電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的依次(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)銀、銅、鋁，這(zhe)三種材(cai)料(liao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的，常(chang)(chang)被(bei)(bei)用(yong)來作為導線(xian)等(deng)，其(qi)中(zhong)銅用(yong)的較(jiao)為廣(guang)，幾乎現在的導線(xian)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)銅的（精(jing)密(mi)儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)，特殊場(chang)合(he)除外）鋁線(xian)由(you)于化學性(xing)質不穩(wen)定容易(yi)氧(yang)化已(yi)被(bei)(bei)淘汰(tai)。由(you)于鋁密(mi)度(du)小，取材(cai)廣(guang)泛(fan)，且價格比(bi)銅便宜(yi)，目(mu)前被(bei)(bei)廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)于電(dian)力系統中(zhong)傳(chuan)輸(shu)電(dian)力的架空輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路。為解決鋁材(cai)剛性(xing)不足(zu)缺陷，一般采(cai)用(yong)鋼芯鋁絞(jiao)線(xian)，即鋁絞(jiao)線(xian)內部(bu)包有(you)一根(gen)鋼線(xian)，以提高強度(du)。銀導電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)，但由(you)于成本(ben)高很少被(bei)(bei)采(cai)用(yong)，只(zhi)有(you)在高要(yao)求場(chang)合(he)才被(bei)(bei)使用(yong)，如精(jing)密(mi)儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)、高頻震蕩器(qi)(qi)、航天等(deng)。順便說下(xia)金(jin)，在某(mou)些(xie)場(chang)合(he)儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)上觸點也有(you)用(yong)金(jin)的，那是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為金(jin)的化學性(xing)質穩(wen)定故(gu)采(cai)用(yong)，并不是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為其(qi)電(dian)阻率小所(suo)致(zhi)

 （1）溫度(du)和(he)濕(shi)度(du)：固體絕(jue)緣材(cai)料(liao)的絕(jue)緣電阻(zu)率(lv)隨溫度(du)和(he)濕(shi)度(du)的升高而(er)降(jiang)低，特別是體積電阻(zu)率(lv)隨溫度(du)改變(bian)而(er)變(bian)化非(fei)常(chang)大(da)。因此，電瓷材(cai)料(liao)不但要(yao)測(ce)定(ding)常(chang)溫下(xia)的體積電阻(zu)率(lv)，而(er)且還(huan)要(yao)測(ce)定(ding)高溫下(xia)的體積電阻(zu)率(lv)，以評定(ding)其(qi)絕(jue)緣性(xing)能(neng)的好(hao)壞(huai)。由于水的電導大(da)，隨著濕(shi)度(du)增大(da)，表(biao)面電阻(zu)率(lv)和(he)有開口孔(kong)隙(xi)的電瓷材(cai)料(liao)的體積電阻(zu)率(lv)急劇下(xia)降(jiang)。因此，測(ce)定(ding)時應嚴(yan)格地按照規定(ding)的試樣(yang)處理(li)要(yao)求(qiu)和(he)測(ce)試的環(huan)境條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)進行。

（2）電(dian)(dian)(dian)場強度(du)：當電(dian)(dian)(dian)場強度(du)比較高時(shi)，離子(zi)的遷移(yi)率(lv)隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)場強度(du)增高而增大，而且(qie)在(zai)接(jie)近擊穿(chuan)時(shi)還(huan)會出現大量的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)遷移(yi)，這時(shi)體積電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率(lv)大大地降低。因此在(zai)測定時(shi)，施(shi)加的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應不超過規定的值。

（3）殘余電(dian)(dian)荷：試(shi)樣(yang)在加工(gong)和測(ce)(ce)試(shi)等(deng)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，可能產生靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)阻越高越容易產生靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)，影響測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)的準確性。因(yin)此，在測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)，試(shi)樣(yang)要(yao)*放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，即可將幾個電(dian)(dian)極連(lian)在一起進(jin)行(xing)短路(lu)。

（4）雜散(san)電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)消除(chu)(chu)：在絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻測量(liang)電(dian)路中(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)能存在某些(xie)雜散(san)電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如熱電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、電(dian)解電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、接觸(chu)電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等，其中(zhong)影響(xiang)大的(de)為電(dian)解電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。用高(gao)阻計測量(liang)表面潮濕的(de)試樣(yang)的(de)體積(ji)電(dian)阻時，測量(liang)極(ji)與保護極(ji)間可(ke)(ke)產生(sheng)20mv的(de)電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。試驗前(qian)應檢查(cha)有無雜散(san)電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。可(ke)(ke)根據試樣(yang)加(jia)壓(ya)前(qian)后(hou)高(gao)阻計的(de)二次指(zhi)示(shi)是否(fou)相(xiang)同(tong)來判斷有無雜散(san)電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。如相(xiang)同(tong)，證明無雜散(san)電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；否(fou)則應當尋找(zhao)并(bing)排除(chu)(chu)產生(sheng)雜散(san)電(dian)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)根源，才能進行(xing)測量(liang)。

（5）防止漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)影(ying)響：對于(yu)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)材料(liao)，只有(you)采(cai)取保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)技術才(cai)能去除漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流對測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)影(ying)響。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)技術就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)在引(yin)起測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)誤(wu)(wu)差的(de)(de)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路徑上安置(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)導體(ti)，截住可能引(yin)起測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)誤(wu)(wu)差的(de)(de)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，使之不流經測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)回路或儀表(biao)(biao)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)導體(ti)連接(jie)(jie)在一起構成保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)端，通常(chang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)端接(jie)(jie)地。測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)體(ti)積電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)時(shi)，三(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)系(xi)統的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)極(ji)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)導體(ti)。此(ci)時(shi)要求(qiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)和測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)間的(de)(de)試樣(yang)表(biao)(biao)面電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)高于(yu)與它并聯元(yuan)件(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)10～100倍(bei)。線(xian)路接(jie)(jie)好后，應首先檢查(cha)是(shi)否存在漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。此(ci)時(shi)斷開(kai)與試樣(yang)連接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)高壓(ya)線(xian)，加上電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。如在測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)靈敏度(du)范圍內(nei)，測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儀器指(zhi)示的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)為無(wu)限大(da)，則線(xian)路無(wu)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可進行測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。

（6）條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding):固(gu)體(ti)絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)電阻(zu)隨溫度(du)(du)、濕度(du)(du)的(de)(de)增加而下降。試(shi)樣的(de)(de)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)取(qu)決于被測(ce)(ce)(ce)材(cai)(cai)料，這些條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)在材(cai)(cai)料規范中規定(ding)(ding)。推薦使用(yong)GB10580《固(gu)體(ti)絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)(cai)料在試(shi)驗(yan)前和(he)試(shi)驗(yan)時采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)標準(zhun)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)》中規定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)方法。可(ke)使用(yong)甘油—水(shui)溶液潮濕箱進行(xing)濕度(du)(du)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)應與預(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)盡可(ke)能(neng)地*，有些時候(hou)（如浸(jin)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)）不能(neng)保(bao)持預(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)和(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)*時，則應在從(cong)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)環境中取(qu)出后(hou)在盡可(ke)能(neng)短(duan)時間內完成測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)，一般不超過(guo)5分鐘。

（7）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)規定:當(dang)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加到(dao)與(yu)(yu)試樣(yang)接觸(chu)的(de)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極間(jian)時(shi)(shi)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)試樣(yang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會指數式地衰(shuai)減(jian)(jian)到(dao)一(yi)個(ge)穩(wen)定值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流隨時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)減(jian)(jian)小可能(neng)是由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)介質(zhi)極化(hua)和(he)可動離子位移到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極所致。對于(yu)體(ti)積電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率小于(yu)1010Ω·m的(de)材料(liao)，其穩(wen)定狀態通(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)在1分(fen)鐘(zhong)(zhong)內(nei)達(da)到(dao)。因此，要經過(guo)這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)后測定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率較高的(de)材料(liao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減(jian)(jian)小的(de)過(guo)程可能(neng)會持續幾分(fen)鐘(zhong)(zhong)、幾小時(shi)(shi)、幾天(tian)，因此需要用較長的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。如果需要的(de)話，可用體(ti)積電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率與(yu)(yu)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)關系來(lai)描(miao)述材料(liao)的(de)特(te)性。當(dang)表面電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻較高時(shi)(shi)，它常(chang)(chang)隨時(shi)(shi)間(jian)以(yi)不規則的(de)方式變(bian)化(hua)。測量(liang)表面電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻通(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)都(dou)規定1分(fen)鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)

六、測量技術

a.通常，絕(jue)緣(yuan)材料(liao)用于電(dian)氣系統的各部件(jian)相互絕(jue)緣(yuan)和(he)對地絕(jue)緣(yuan)，固體絕(jue)緣(yuan)材料(liao)還起機(ji)械(xie)支(zhi)撐作用。一般希望材料(liao)有(you)盡(jin)可能(neng)(neng)高的絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)阻，并具有(you)合適的機(ji)械(xie)、化學和(he)耐熱性能(neng)(neng)。

b.絕(jue)緣材料(liao)的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)率一般都很高，也(ye)就是傳導電(dian)流(liu)很小。如果不注意外(wai)界因素的(de)干擾和(he)漏(lou)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)影(ying)響，測量結果就會發生很大的(de)誤(wu)差。同時絕(jue)緣材料(liao)本身(shen)的(de)吸濕(shi)性(xing)和(he)環境條件的(de)變化對測量結果也(ye)有(you)很大影(ying)響。

c.影響(xiang)體(ti)積(ji)電阻(zu)率(lv)和表面電阻(zu)率(lv)測(ce)試的(de)(de)主要因素(su)是(shi)溫度(du)(du)和濕(shi)度(du)(du)、電場強(qiang)度(du)(du)、充電時間及(ji)殘余(yu)電荷等。體(ti)積(ji)電阻(zu)率(lv)可作為選擇絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料的(de)(de)一個參(can)數，電阻(zu)率(lv)隨溫度(du)(du)和濕(shi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)變化而顯著(zhu)變化。體(ti)積(ji)電阻(zu)率(lv)的(de)(de)測(ce)量常(chang)常(chang)用來檢(jian)查絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料是(shi)否均勻，或者(zhe)用來檢(jian)測(ce)那些能影響(xiang)材(cai)料質(zhi)量而又不(bu)能用其他方法檢(jian)測(ce)到的(de)(de)導電雜質(zhi)。

d.由于體(ti)積電阻(zu)(zu)總是(shi)要被(bei)或多或少地包括到(dao)表面(mian)(mian)電阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)測試(shi)中去，因此只能近似(si)地測量表面(mian)(mian)電阻(zu)(zu)，測得的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)電阻(zu)(zu)值主要反映被(bei)測試(shi)樣(yang)表面(mian)(mian)污染的(de)(de)(de)程度。所以，表面(mian)(mian)電阻(zu)(zu)率不(bu)是(shi)表征(zheng)材料本身特性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)參(can)數，而是(shi)一(yi)個有關材料表面(mian)(mian)污染特性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)參(can)數。當表面(mian)(mian)電阻(zu)(zu)較高時(shi)，它(ta)常(chang)隨時(shi)間以不(bu)規則的(de)(de)(de)方式變化。測量表面(mian)(mian)電阻(zu)(zu)通常(chang)都規定(ding)1min的(de)(de)(de)電化時(shi)間。